Accelerated Biological Age Measures Correlate with a Higher Risk of Disease and Mortality
Biological age acceleration is the name given to the state of exhibiting a predicted age from an aging clock that is higher than chronological age. Accelerated age via a clock measure is correlated with an increased risk of age-related disease and mortality. This has been demonstrated in a number of large epidemiological studies, and here researchers make use of the UK Biobank data to once again demonstrate that aging clocks do at least somewhat reflect the age-related risk of disease and mortality. Even so, it remains possible to argue over what exactly the clocks are measuring; calling it biological age is a lazy shortcut and possibly not the reality.
As the global population ages, multimorbidity has become a critical public health issue. We analyzed 332,012 adults from the UK Biobank (2006-2022) to investigate the association between biological age - measured by the Klemera-Doubal method (KDM-BA) and phenotypic age (PhenoAge) - and a new comorbidity model encompassing physical, psychological, and cognitive disorders, with overall mortality outcomes over a median follow-up of 13.6 years. Logistic regression models examined the association between baseline health status and accelerated aging, while Cox proportional hazards models assessed mortality risk and disorder development.
Cross-sectional analysis showed that accelerated aging was linked to higher comorbidity prevalence. Longitudinal follow-up revealed that individuals in the highest quartile (Q4) of aging speed (residual difference between estimated biological age and chronological age) had a 16%-17% higher risk of developing a single disorder, a 41%-44% higher risk of multimorbidity, and a 54% higher overall mortality risk compared with the lowest quartile (Q1). Among those with baseline single disorder, dual comorbidity, and triple morbidity, Q4 mortality risk increased by 89%-116%, 118%-166%, and 119%-156%, respectively. Multistate Markov models confirmed that accelerated aging increased the risk of transitioning to disorder, comorbidity, and death by 12%-37%. Individuals aged 45 with triple comorbidity lost an average of 5.3 years in life expectancy (LE), further reduced by 5.8 to 7.0 years due to accelerated aging.
This study highlights that KDM-BA and PhenoAge robustly predict multimorbidity trajectories, mortality, and shortened LE, supporting their integration into risk stratification frameworks to optimize interventions for high-risk populations.