Fight Aging!

The longevity industry will at some point diffuse into the broader pharmaceutical and biotech industries. It will cease to be so distinct in culture, technology, and regulation as to merit the drawing of firm lines. Treating aging as a medical condition is no longer looked upon as strange by the powers that be, even though the public at large has yet to catch up entirely to this new viewpoint. This relatively new environment of approval means that sizable funding is available, and indeed deployed in large amounts to advance the cause, both by private and public sources.

One of the US government programs in which program managers have become very sympathetic to the cause of treating aging is ARPA-H, portions of which one might think of as spiritual successors to the attitudes and aims of DARPA, except that the focus is progress in medical technology specifically. That clinical trials are so enormously expensive to prepare for and run is the fault of government regulatory bodies, a mess created over decades. Now another arm of government will feed public funds into that process to enable more groups to make progress in passing the financial hurdle that regulators created. As is usually the case, however, it is largely the already well funded, high-profile initiatives that receive that assistance; if one is connected enough to have a large chance of obtaining major government funding, one is connected enough to be able to raise just as much from private sources, and have probably already done so.

Regardless, medicine is a highly regulated industry, and this is how the game is played in any industry in which government appointees exert such a large degree of control over what does and does not happen. In these years in which the first therapies that might slow aging (or in a few cases selectively reverse aging) are making their way into clinical trials, most groups are indeed trying to play the game as it exists, with all of its flaws, as in the bigger picture it is vital to demonstrate to the world at large that the treatment of aging can be real. An increasing number of companies are looking for alternative paths, however, such as those setting up their initial clinical trials in much less costly locations, and intending to initially prove their worth and provide access via medical tourism. From a very high level perspective, the most important outcome for the next decade or two is that therapies for aging, as many different approaches as possible, are meaningfully tested in humans - however that outcome is achieved. Even a few successes will give rise to a massively larger industry, with enough weight behind it to meaningfully change the way in which medical development takes place.

ARPA-H pours millions into healthspan-focused human trials

The US Government, via its Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H) initiative, is putting up to $144 million into multiple projects aimed at extending healthspan - the years people live in good health. Through its PROSPR program, ARPA-H is funding seven research teams working to treat aging as a tractable biological process, and proving, in humans, that intervening earlier can help people stay healthier for longer.

Short for "Proactive Solutions for Prolonging Resilience," PROSPR's goal is to overcome one of the key challenges that has limited clinical development in geroscience: aging is slow, and its associated diseases and conditions can take years or decades to emerge, making conventional trials unwieldy and expensive. The initiative aims to use longitudinal human data to identify early, actionable biomarkers that respond before late-stage outcomes appear. Those biomarkers are intended to serve as surrogate endpoints that can show, within one to three years, whether an intervention is plausibly shifting an individual's trajectory toward better function, resilience, and quality of life.

Longevity biotech Cambrian has been awarded up to $30.8 million to support human trials of a daily, oral, next-generation rapamycin analog intended to selectively inhibit mTORC1. The company views dysregulated mTORC1 signaling as a key driver of the metabolic decline that accumulates with age, and it is tying its program to "intrinsic capacity," a composite measure of physical and metabolic resilience that declines over time.

Linnaeus has been awarded up to $22 million to advance a drug targeting the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) into human trials for healthspan preservation. Interestingly, the company is building on its work in oncology, where more than 100 cancer patients have been treated with its drug (LNS8801) in early human trials and signals observed in those patients suggested potential translation into aging-related benefits.

TDP-43 is a protein only relatively recently discovered to undergo pathological modification and aggregation in the aging brain. Much like amyloid-β, α-synuclein, and tau, this aggregation is thought important in the progression of specific neurodegenerative conditions. Here, researchers present evidence for TDP-43 aggregation to contribute to lost function in vascular dementia. Vascular dementia arises from a reduced blood supply to the brain, or other issues in the vasculature supplying brain tissue with the oxygen and nutrients it needs. The brain operates at the edge of metabolic capacity at the best of times, and as that supply diminishes with age, function suffers. Can some of the consequent damage done to the brain be prevented? Obviously it would be ideal to maintain a healthy vasculature instead of trying to compensate for vascular aging, but the research community does spend a lot of time looking at possible compensatory approaches, ways to sabotage at least some of the maladaptive reactions to the damage and dysfunction of aging.

Vascular dementia (VaD) ranks as the second most common cause of dementia worldwide and is linked to the highest mortality rate among dementia subtypes. A key driver of VaD pathogenesis is chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH), a state of persistently reduced blood flow to the brain stemming from cerebrovascular compromise. A hallmark of VaD, CCH can diminish cerebral blood flow by as much as 40%, triggering hypoxia-induced cellular stress. This includes oxidative damage, mitochondrial failure, and heightened neuroinflammation, which collectively impair blood-brain barrier integrity and promote white matter lesion (WML) formation.

Recent evidence points to Tar DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) as a potential mediator in this cascade. While TDP-43′s pathological role is well-established in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD), its involvement in VaD is poorly understood. In healthy neurons, TDP-43 is crucial for synaptic function and stress response. Under pathological conditions, however, it undergoes detrimental modifications, including hyperphosphorylation, nuclear-to-cytoplasmic mislocalization, and aggregation that are common processes across neurodegenerative diseases. These aberrant forms of TDP-43 lose their normal function and can acquire toxic properties, potentially exacerbating neuroinflammation. While TDP-43 pathology is a well-established feature of several neurodegenerative diseases, its potential role in the context of cerebrovascular injury remains largely unexplored.

This study demonstrates that CCH, a key feature of VaD, triggers pathological TDP-43 changes, namely cytoplasmic mislocalisation and hyperphosphorylation, in both in vivo and in vitro models. In a mouse model of VaD, time-dependent cytoplasmic accumulation of TDP-43 and pTDP-43 was observed in cortical and hippocampal neurons, with elevated pTDP-43 despite stable total TDP-43 levels, implicating phosphorylation in its aberrant redistribution. These results mirror hallmark features of TDP-43 proteinopathies in neurodegenerative diseases, such as ALS and AD, and suggest that similar mechanisms may be triggered by vascular insults.

Link: https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.71196

Researchers here report an association between late life survival and levels of specific piwi-interacting RNAs. This subcategory of non-coding RNAs, meaning RNA molecules that are not translated into proteins, has attracted more interest of late in the context of aging and age-related changes to the regulation of gene expression. The understanding of the role of non-coding RNAs in metabolism lags behind the still incomplete understanding of proteins. The life science community is slowly filling in an enormous map of interactions, a map that will contain many large dark areas for a long time yet. There are only so many researchers, and developing a reasonably complete understanding of how even a single protein or RNA contributes to cell metabolism requires years of work in the best of circumstances.

To investigate the relevance of small RNAs to human longevity, we pursued three goals: (a) to validate epigenetic (small RNA) factors underlying survival of older adults, (b) to develop and validate prediction models of survival for potential clinical application, and (c) to identify plausible druggable targets prolonging longevity. We evaluated 828 small non-coding RNAs - 687 microRNAs (miRNAs) and 141 piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) - in baseline plasma from 1271 community-dwelling older adults (≥ 71 years) in the EPESE study. Our predictive model incorporating small RNAs, clinical variables (demographics, lifestyle, mood, physical function, standard clinical laboratory tests, NMR-derived lipids and metabolites, and medical conditions) and age achieved strong performance, with cross-validated area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.92 for 2-year survival in Discovery and 0.87 in external Validation.

Nine piRNAs, all reduced in longer-lived individuals, were identified as potential therapeutic targets. Under the assumption of causal sufficiency, these data provide causal evidence linking circulating small RNAs with survival outcomes in humans. While such inference does not replace experimental validation, it complements mechanistic studies by identifying candidate molecular drivers most relevant to human longevity. Supporting biological plausibility, reduced piRNA biogenesis has been shown to double lifespan in C elegans. Together, our findings identify circulating piRNAs and miRNAs as promising biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets to advance human longevity.

Link: https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.70403

The shape and packaging of nuclear DNA is actively controlled by the cell via decoration of the DNA and supporting structures with additional molecular motifs, such as methyl groups. At any given time much of the genome is tightly spooled into regions known as heterochromatin that are inaccessible to the machinery of gene expression that surrounds nuclear DNA, constantly interacting with it. The structure of nuclear DNA determines gene expression, which regions are unspooled and accessible to translation machinery for the production of RNA from gene sequences versus which regions are spooled and the genes there silenced.

Here researchers examine immune cells from centenarian blood samples and note a distinct pattern of structure in their DNA. Further investigation points to one specific transcription factor, ERG, that appears to reduce cellular senescence, and thus might be theorized to improve immune function in the aged tissue environment. There are no doubt many other specific differences in activity that might be investigated more deeply, however. Transcription factors alter DNA structure and other aspects of gene expression for many genes, thousands in some cases. They are thus interesting points of potential intervention in the behavior of the cell, a greater centralization of regulatory control over function than most genes.

ERG phase separation attenuates cellular senescence

Our study defines a distinct chromatin accessibility signature in perihipheral blood mononuclear cells of centenarians, characterized by a global increase in chromatin openness across multiple immune subsets. Notably, this increase does not reflect accelerated senescence as aging usually along with increase chromatin accessibility, but rather suggests a unique chromatin configuration associated with exceptional longevity. In particular, B cells from centenarians display enhanced accessibility at promoter and enhancer regions that typically close with age, while closing peaks are enriched in quiescent loci that generally open during aging. These findings highlight that centenarians maintain an atypical epigenetic state, potentially supporting immune resilience and genomic stability in extreme old age.

Integrative analysis highlighted the E-26 transformation-specific (ETS)-related transcription factor ERG as a longevity-associated regulator. Functional studies in human cells showed that ERG forms nuclear condensates through liquid-liquid phase separation, a property associated with altered chromatin organization and reduced expression of cellular senescence-related genes, including CDKN2A. Consistent with these effects, ERG condensation was associated with attenuation of cellular senescence phenotypes. Together, these findings connect epigenomic features observed in centenarians with transcription factor biophysical properties and cellular aging control, highlighting phase separation as a regulatory layer that may contribute to cellular resilience during aging.

Cells have evolved to detect molecular markers of invading pathogens, such as out of place DNA sequences, and react with inflammatory signaling. One such system is the interaction between the DNA sensor cGAS and the regulatory of inflammation STING. Researchers have focused on this system in recent years, as it becomes maladaptively triggered with advancing age. Age-related dysfunctions in the cell lead to fragments of mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA escaping into the cytoplasm, where they are detected by cGAS, which then triggers STING. The result is an environment of inflammatory signaling that is disruptive to tissue structure and function, a further contribution to degenerative aging. Interfering in this process presents the same challenges as interfering in any aspect of inflammation, in that the cGAS-STING interaction serves a necessary purpose in addition to becoming problematic with age. It cannot be straightforwardly suppressed without producing harmful side effects.

The past few years have seen an explosion of interest in and knowledge about the cGAS-STING pathway in aging and neurodegenerative disease. Although this pathway is indispensable for host defense and is tightly regulated under physiological conditions, its aberrant activation emerges as a potent driver of the neuroinflammatory cascade and neuronal dysfunction during aging. The accumulation of both exogenous and endogenous DNA serves as a persistent trigger for cGAS, culminating in a vicious cycle of STING-dependent IFN-I and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. This chronic, low-grade inflammation is a hallmark of aged brain tissue and a key contributor to the progression of conditions like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and ALS. The promising results from preclinical studies utilizing cGAS or STING inhibitors, which have demonstrated efficacy in ameliorating cognitive decline and neuropathology in various models, underscore the therapeutic potential of targeting this pathway.

However, several pivotal questions and challenges must be addressed to translate these foundational discoveries into effective clinical interventions. For example, the characteristics of the DNA that activate the cGAS-STING pathway are crucial. The origins, oxidation extent, amount, manner, and rate of DNA release (e.g., during different forms of cell death) significantly influence the intensity of the downstream immune response. The relative contribution of mitochondrial DNA versus nuclear DNA and viral DNA remains hotly debated.

In conclusion, the cGAS-STING pathway serves as a master regulator of age- related neuroinflammation and a compelling therapeutic target for a range of neurodegenerative conditions. Importantly, the pathological outcome is determined not merely by whether the pathway is activated, but more profoundly by the strength of the signal, the cellular context of activation, and the source and properties of the stimulating DNA, such as whether it is exogenous or endogenous, oxidized, or otherwise modified. Given this complexity, a precise understanding of the cGAS-STING pathway is essential to understanding neuroinflammatory damage. Looking ahead, we should aim to design therapeutic strategies that precisely modulate the cGAS-STING pathway - both in degree of activity and cell-type specificity - to safely unlock its potential for clinical benefit.

Link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40364-026-00906-2

Aging clocks derived from a database of age-related changes in specific biological data must be validated for any specific use. The construction of the clock grants no insight into how its component measures relate to any specific aspect of aging, or to any specific age-related condition. Even conceptually similar clocks might exhibit quite different relationships with a given age-related condition, a point that is illustrated by the results of this study: some epigenetic clocks show very poor correlation with dementia risk, while others do correlate well enough to provide some insight.

Aging is the strongest risk factor for dementia; however, few studies have examined the association of biological aging with incident dementia. We analyzed 6,069 cognitively unimpaired women (mean age = 70.0 ± 3.8 years) in the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study to examine the association of accelerated biological aging, measured with second and third-generation epigenetic clocks (AgeAccelPheno and AgeAccelGrim2, and DunedinPACE, respectively) with incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and probable dementia.

Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were adjusted for age, education, race, ethnicity, smoking, hormone therapy regimen, physical activity, body mass index, and estimated white blood cell counts. For comparison, we also examined first-generation epigenetic clocks (AgeAccelHorvath; AgeAccelHannum). We evaluated effect modification by age, race/ethnicity, hormone therapy regimen, menopause type (natural vs. surgical), and APOE ε4 carriage.

There were 1,307 incident MCI or probable dementia events over a median follow-up of 9.3 years. The adjusted hazard ratios for incident MCI/probable dementia per one-standard deviation increment were 1.07 for DunedinPACE, 1.11 for AgeAccelGrim2, and 1.01 for AgeAccelPheno. Only AgeAccelGrim2 remained significant under the Bonferroni-corrected threshold for significance. Other epigenetic clocks were not associated with incident MCI/probable dementia. There was no effect modification in most subgroup analyses.

Link: https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.70424

Somatic mosaicism in tissues occurs as a result of random mutational events in stem cell populations. Stem cells accumulate mutations randomly over time, a small fraction of the continual damage to nuclear DNA that slips past the highly efficient DNA repair machinery. Those mutations spread out into tissue via the daughter somatic cells generated by the stem cells. A tissue made up of somatic cells thus exhibits an ever more complex mosaic pattern of overlapping mutations over time. Somatic mosaicism in the immune system is known as clonal hematopoiesis. This is arguably the most studied form of somatic mosaicism, as the immune cells produced by hematopoietic stem cells are readily accessible via a blood sample.

Somatic mosacism sets the stage for cancer by spreading mutations that raise the odds of any specific cancerous combination of mutations occurring in any one somatic cell. But does somatic mosaicism contribute more generally to degenerative aging and loss of function, and is this contribution large enough for us to care about? There is some evidence to suggest that this is the case, but an important role for somatic mosaicism in aspects of aging other than cancer risk is far from conclusively demonstrated at this point in time. Clonal hematopoiesis seems likely to be where that is initially proven, if it is going to be.

Ageing Through the Looking-Glass: The Different Flavours of Clonal Haematopoiesis

Clonal haematopoiesis (CH) is the presence of acquired mutations in blood cells and is a consequence of ageing that is linked to malignancy, cardiovascular disease and other diseases of ageing. CH is a reflection of genomic instability with ageing; however, there is evidence that CH may exacerbate features of normal ageing, including inflammageing and immunosenescence, and more directly contribute to disease causation. CH can manifest as mosaic loss of X or Y chromosomes, autosomal mosaic chromosomal rearrangements, or point mutations or small insertions or deletions. However, differences in CH definitions, detection methods and cohort characteristics have contributed to heterogeneous and sometimes discordant findings across studies.

It has been hypothesised that the different forms of CH may all arise from a 'common soil' of genomic instability, that is, that shared heritable and environmental factors may promote the acquisition and subsequent expansion of mutations. However, it remains largely unknown whether associations between CH and diseases of ageing reflect correlation or whether CH may directly cause disease. Here, we review the relationship between ageing and CH, including how CH develops, and how it interacts with other features of ageing including inflammageing, immunosenescence, epigenetic ageing and telomere shortening. We also review what is known about the overlap between different forms of CH and whether they make independent contributions to risk of disease.

The different forms of CH share common germline and environmental risk factors and have overlapping prevalence and disease associations, suggesting they reflect common underlying processes of ageing. CH is also associated with other biomarkers of ageing, namely accelerated epigenetic age and shorter telomere length. The presence of CH may reflect a biologically older haematopoietic system and exacerbate features of normal ageing, including inflammageing and immunosenescence, which may be important causal mechanisms explaining the association between CH and a variety of diseases of ageing. Additionally, inflammation likely also promotes further expansion of CH. Different forms of CH may work together to promote clonal expansion and synergistically promote disease including through promoting inflammation. CH may also synergise with, or be influenced by, other sources of inflammation outside the haematopoietic system, potentially including somatic mutations in other tissues or epigenetic changes. There is some evidence that different forms of CH may make independent contributions to disease risk.

The balance of microbial species making up the gut microbiome changes with age in ways that promote inflammation and other harms. Researchers can accurately map the composition of the gut microbiome using sequencing approaches, and are steadily identifying specific microbial species and mechanisms that contribute to the dysfunctions of age. A number of approaches exist to restore a more youthful gut microbiome composition, such as fecal microbiota transplantation from a young donor or flagellin immunization, but none are yet very widely used in the context of attempting to improve late life health.

Physiological and pathological changes associated with aging contribute to deteriorating disease prognosis in sepsis. However, the mechanisms by which these disturbances exacerbate inflammation remain underexplored. In this study, fecal samples were collected from aged and young septic patients and mice and subsequently transplanted into young pseudo-germ-free mice via fecal microbiota transplantation. Fecal, colon tissue, and blood samples were collected to be used 16S rDNA sequencing to characterize the gut microbiota, histopathological examination, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and FITC-dextran intestinal permeability assay to assess gut injury and gut barrier function.

Additionally, nontargeted and targeted metabolomics were used to identify differential metabolites in the feces of aged and young septic mice. To further validate the roles of specific bacterial strains and their metabolites in sepsis, genetically engineered bacteria were used in both in vivo and in vitro experiments.

The results showed an increased abundance of Klebsiella aerogenes (K. aero) in aged hosts, which led to elevated histamine (HA) production and exacerbated intestinal barrier dysfunction. Importantly, K. aero strains carrying a histidine decarboxylase gene variant were identified as major HA producers. Mechanistically, HA was shown to drive intestinal barrier dysfunction by inhibiting Nlrp6 expression and its subsequent binding to LC3, thereby impairing autophagy. Treatments that modulated HA levels or overexpressed Nlrp6 ameliorated inflammation in septic mice. These findings suggest that targeting the HA-Nlrp6-LC3 axis could offer a novel therapeutic approach for managing sepsis, particularly in aged populations.

Link: https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2026.2630475

Atherosclerosis involves the growth of fatty plaques in blood vessel walls that weaken and obstruct those blood vessels. It is a universal condition; all older individuals exhibit some degree of plaque formation. A heart attack or stroke occurs when an unstable, fatty atherosclerotic plaque ruptures and the debris blocks a vessel somewhere downstream. Interestingly, atherosclerosis is quite different in character between the sexes. Until menopause, atherosclerosis proceeds more slowly in women, and as noted here women tend to exhibit lesser degrees of plaque in later life. That does not, unfortunately, translate into a lesser degree of risk of plaque rupture.

This study evaluated health data for more than 4,200 adults (more than half of whom were women) to compare how quantity of plaque influenced the risk of major heart conditions. The study included people with stable chest pain and no prior history of coronary artery disease. Participants were randomized to undergo diagnostic evaluation via coronary computed tomography angiography (X-ray images of the heart and blood vessels) and followed for about two years.

Fewer women had plaque in their coronary arteries than men (55% of women vs. 75% of men). Women also had a lower volume of artery plaque than men (a median of 78 mm^3 among women vs. 156 mm^3 in men). Despite less plaque, women were just as likely as men to die from any cause, have a non-fatal heart attack or be hospitalized for chest pain (2.3% of women vs. 3.4% of men). In addition, women faced increased heart risk at lower levels of plaque compared to men. For total plaque burden, women's risk began to rise at 20% plaque burden, while men's risk started at 28%. With increasing plaque levels, risk rose more sharply for women than for men.

"Because women have smaller coronary arteries, a small amount of plaque can have a bigger impact. Moderate increases in plaque burden appear to have disproportionate risk in women, suggesting that standard definitions of high risk may underestimate risk in women."

Link: https://newsroom.heart.org/news/women-may-face-heart-attack-risk-with-a-lower-plaque-level-than-men

Reducing the dietary intake of calories while retaining an optimal intake of micronutrients is well established to slow aging and extend life in a number of species. In humans, studies have shown that reduced calorie intake improves health in ways that are likely result in an extension of life span. Short-lived species exhibit a greater relative extension of life as a result of calorie restriction than is the case for long-lived species. In mice, calorie restriction can produce as much as a 40% extension of life span. In humans, a few years of additional life seems the likely effect size, although the only thing we can say in certainty given the data to hand is that the benefit cannot be much larger than this. If humans robustly became centenarians given the right restrictions of diet, this would be have been well known to the peoples of the ancient world and every monastic order since then. Even a ten year gain would be hard to hide over this span of time, let alone from modern epidemiology.

From a mechanistic perspective, this smaller effect on life span in longer-lived species is likely the case because the long-lived species already benefit from a sizable fraction of the life-extending mechanisms that are indirectly triggered by a reduced calorie intake in the short-lived species. From an evolutionary point of view, the life-extending response to reduced availability of nutrients likely evolved because it raises the odds of successful reproduction following seasonal famine. A winter is a much larger fraction of a mouse life span than it is of a human life span, so the mouse has evolved to exhibit a much longer relative increase in life span than the human.

Much of the attention given to the mechanisms of the calorie restriction response is focused on autophagy, the collection of processes that recycle damaged or otherwise unwanted proteins and cell structures into the raw materials needed to synthesize more proteins. Up to a point, more autophagy improves cell function. Improved cell function means improved tissue function, greater resilience to the damage and dysfunction of aging, and thus a slowing of declines and extension of life. Autophagy is far from the only mechanism that is studied by the research community in this context, however, and today's open access paper is a review that covers a range of the others.

Molecular mechanisms underlying the lifespan and healthspan benefits of dietary restriction across species

Among numerous genetic, pharmacological, and lifestyle interventions examined over the past decades, dietary restriction (DR) remains the most robust and evolutionarily conserved strategy for extending lifespan and improving healthspan. Originally described in rodents nearly a century ago, the beneficial effects of reduced nutrient intake have since been validated in a wide range of organisms, including yeast, nematodes, flies, and mammals. While often used interchangeably, it is critical to distinguish between different nutritional interventions to avoid conceptual overlap. Caloric restriction (CR) typically refers to a chronic reduction in total calorie intake (usually 20%-40%) without malnutrition. In contrast, Chronic Dietary Restriction (DR) is a broader term encompassing the restriction of specific macronutrients (amino acid restriction, protein restriction) regardless of total calorie count. Furthermore, long-term Fasting involves extended periods without food intake, triggering distinct periodic metabolic switches that differ from the continuous physiological adaptations induced by chronic CR or DR.

Genetic and transcriptomic studies have revealed that DR induces coordinated changes in gene expression, chromatin state, and metabolic wiring, leading to a systemic shift from anabolic growth toward cellular maintenance and stress resistance. Central to these are conserved nutrient-sensing pathways - such as insulin/IGF-1 signaling, the target of rapamycin (mTOR), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and NAD+-dependent sirtuins - that function as molecular hubs linking environmental cues to transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. These pathways regulate the activity of key transcription factors and transcriptional coactivators, thereby shaping long-term gene expression programs associated with longevity.

Downstream, these pathways enhance autophagy and proteostasis, remodel mitochondrial function and redox balance, reshape immune and inflammatory networks, and induce epigenetic and transcriptional reprogramming. Recent work further highlights amino acid-specific sensing mechanisms, endocrine mediators such as fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), the gut microbiome, circadian regulators, and nuclear pore-associated transcriptional plasticity as integral components of DR responses. Importantly, the physiological outcomes of DR are context dependent and influenced by genetic background, sex, age at intervention, and the type and duration of restriction. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the genetic and molecular architecture underlying DR-induced longevity and health benefits across species, discuss implications for aging-related diseases, and outline future directions toward precision nutrition and safe translational strategies.

Researchers here make some inroads into gathering and analyzing data relating to age-related alterations in the features and contents of extracellular vesicles taken from a blood sample. Much of the communication between cells involves secretion and uptake of vesicles, membrane-wrapped packages of diverse molecules. Taking a sample of extracellular vesicles from blood is thus a merged view into any number of complex interactions between systems and organs, a sizable blob of data that emerges from an intricate, evolving set of underlying processes. Generating meaningful insight into those processes from the data is not a straightforward exercise, but some progress is being made.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are key mediators of intercellular communication and may reflect physiological changes during aging. We analyzed plasma-derived EVs from a healthy aging cohort stratified by age, using size exclusion chromatography, surface profiling, nanoparticle tracking, and small RNA sequencing.

The age-dependent variation in EV surface markers - including decreased CD3, CD56, HLA-A, and CD45 and increased CD14 and CD69 - supports a shift in EV immunophenotype, consistent with immunosenescence and changes in circulating immune cell populations. These changes could reflect a reduced contribution of adaptive immune cells to the pool of circulating EVs and an increased release by activated monocytes. Interestingly, recent findings have shown that EV surface antigen profiling can be used as a biomarker of aging, reflecting features of inflammaging commonly observed in older people, as well as the cardiovascular risk of individuals. Furthermore, the alterations in the surface markers of EVs could not only indicate a differential cellular origin but could also affect the uptake of these EVs by different target cells. This could ultimately influence the intercellular communication mediated by EVs during aging.

The analysis of EV-associated small RNAs revealed distinct clustering by age group, with the young cohort showing a markedly different profile compared to middle-aged and older individuals. This early divergence in the EV miRNA signature suggests that some molecular hallmarks of aging are already encoded in EVs well before late-life decline becomes clinically evident. Older individuals showed shifts in EV immunophenotype consistent with immunosenescence and displayed distinct miRNA signatures enriched in muscle-specific and metabolism-related miRNAs, including miR-206, miR-143-3p, miR-122-5p, and miR-20b-3p - linked to muscle, metabolic, and vascular function. Notably, miR-6529-5p, associated with neuroprotection, was elevated in aging.

Target gene analysis revealed involvement in aging pathways such as Ras, VEGF, and MAPK signaling. EV miRNAs and particle counts correlated with biological aging markers, including GDF-15, visceral fat, and muscle quality. These findings highlight coordinated age-related changes in EVs reflecting musculoskeletal and metabolic aging and support their potential as minimally invasive biomarkers of biological aging and functional decline.

Link: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41514-025-00321-1

Researchers here argue that cells that become senescent because errors in DNA replication produced entire extra duplicate chromosomes, a state known as polyploidy, are meaningfully different than cells that become senescent due to other forms of damage or stress. The researchers also point out that present studies do not adequately differentiate between polyploid senescent cells and those with normal chromosomes, suggesting that more work is needed here. In general, the research community is motivated to better understand the biochemistry of senescence in order to improve efforts to either selectively destroy senescent cells or alter their behavior to reduce the harmful pro-inflammatory signaling that they produce. Studies in animals suggest that therapies to control the burden of cellular senescence could produce meaningful degrees of rejuvenation in humans, but it is taking longer than expected to translate that research into the clinic.

One understudied form of cellular senescence is polyploidy-induced senescence (PIS) which was initially observed in vitro after drug-induced tetraploidization. We recently reported that polyploid uroepithelial cells in the mouse bladder are senescent over the lifespan, raising new questions about the physiological and pathological significance of polyploid, senescent cells. These senescent uroepithelial barrier cells persisted after treatment of mice with the senolytic combination dasatinib plus quercetin (D+Q). We now hypothesize that some bladder cancers, 90% of which are of urothelial origin, may arise from polyploid umbrella cells that, through loss of senescence enforcers and tumor suppressors such as p16, escaped PIS.

The idea that cancers can arise from cells escaping senescence is well established, but our observations link this specifically to polyploidization. This has important implications in the context of therapy-induced senescence (TIS). Many cancer treatments trigger senescence through replication stress and polyploidization. By contrast, naturally occurring polyploid senescent cells, such as bladder umbrella cells, appear to serve important biological functions - though they too may destabilize under chronic stress.

Not all polyploid cells are senescent, and their relationship is context dependent. Hepatocytes, for example, can be both polyploid and senescent, but polyploid hepatocytes also undergo senescence reversal and ploidy reduction divisions under stress, re-entering the cell cycle and contributing to carcinogenesis. We propose that PIS acts as a developmental timer: replication stress from endoreplication activates the DNA damage response, linking proliferation to differentiation during development, regeneration and repair. In this model, senescence is not merely a stress response but a programmed cellular fate that enforces terminal differentiation, contributes to organ structure, and preserves tissue architecture.

Link: https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.206355

In recent years, the research community has developed a number of blood tests to assess risk and progression of Alzheimer's disease, relevant to the earliest, pre-symptomatic stages of the condition. Alzheimer's disease emerges very slowly over time, a process of damage and dysfunction that builds by stages over decades. The present consensus is that these early stages are dominated by amyloid-β misfolding and aggregation with only mild cognitive impairment at worst as the result. Only later is it the case that outright neuroinflammation and aggregation of phosphorylated tau protein come into play as the primary disease mechanisms. Nonetheless, forms of phosphorylated tau circulating in blood have proven useful as a marker of disease progression even in the early stages.

Today's research materials report on the use of one of the Alzheimer's blood tests based on phosphorylated tau to construct an aging clock specifically focused on predicting the time to development of Alzheimer's symptoms. Any set of markers that change with age can be used to produce a predictive clock, given enough data from enough people. The only question is how accurate it is; more data is generally better. Here, researchers work from only one assessment in a few hundred people to produce an estimated margin of error of 3 to 4 years over a time span of 10 to 20 years of disease development to first symptoms - a decent outcome given such a limited set of data.

Blood test "clocks" predict when Alzheimer's symptoms will start

Researchers have demonstrated models that predict the onset of Alzheimer's symptoms within a margin of three to four years. This could have implications both for clinical trials developing preventive Alzheimer's treatments and for eventually identifying individuals likely to benefit from these treatments. The models use a protein called p-tau217 in an individual's blood plasma to estimate the age when they will begin experiencing symptoms of the neurodegenerative disease. Levels of p-tau217 in the plasma can currently be used to help doctors diagnose Alzheimer's in patients with cognitive impairment. These tests are not currently recommended in cognitively unimpaired individuals outside of clinical trials or research.

To identify the interval between elevated p-tau217 levels and Alzheimer's symptoms, researchers analyzed data from volunteers in two independent long-running Alzheimer's research initiatives. The participants included 603 older adults who lived independently in the community. Plasma p-tau217 has previously been shown to correlate strongly with the accumulation of amyloid and tau in the brain as shown on PET scans. The key hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease, amyloid and tau are misfolded proteins that begin building up in the brain many years before Alzheimer's symptoms develop.

The models predicted the age of symptom onset within a margin of error of three to four years. Older individuals had a shorter time from when elevated p-tau217 appeared to the start of symptoms as compared to younger participants, suggesting that younger people's brains may be more resilient to neurodegeneration and that older people may develop symptoms at lower levels of Alzheimer's pathology. For example, if a person had elevated p-tau217 in their plasma at age 60, they developed symptoms 20 years later. If p-tau217 wasn't elevated until age 80, they developed symptoms only 11 years later.

Predicting onset of symptomatic Alzheimerʼs disease with plasma p-tau217 clocks

Predicting not just if, but also when, cognitively unimpaired individuals are likely to develop onset of Alzheimerʼs disease (AD) symptoms would be useful to clinical trials and, eventually, clinical practice. Although clock models based on amyloid and tau positron emission tomography have shown promise in predicting the onset of AD symptoms, a model based on plasma biomarkers would be more accessible. Using longitudinal plasma %p-tau217 (the ratio of phosphorylated to non-phosphorylated tau at position 217) from two independent cohorts (n = 258 and n = 345), clock models were used to estimate the age at plasma %p-tau217 positivity.

The estimated age at plasma %p-tau217 positivity was associated with the age at onset of AD symptoms with a median absolute error of 3.0-3.7 years. Notably, the time from %p-tau217 positivity to onset of AD symptoms was markedly shorter in older individuals. Similar models were constructed with data from one p-tau217/Aβ42 immunoassay and four plasma p-tau217 immunoassays. These findings suggest that the time until onset of AD symptoms can be estimated using a single blood test within a margin of error that is acceptable for use in clinical trials.

Lifestyle choice relating to diet influences the pace of aging over the long term. A great deal of effort has been devoted to understanding why this is the case, focused on the specific effects of excess weight and various dietary components on metabolism. Researchers here make an effort to assess the effects of dietary choices on human life expectancy that emerge from the large amount of epidemiological data recorded in the UK Biobank. The results are in the same ballpark as the benefits to life expectancy indicated by some past large studies of the effects of moderate exercise.

Associations between healthy dietary patterns and life expectancy remain unclear. Here, we reported the prospective associations of five dietary patterns with mortality and life expectancy in 103,649 UK Biobank participants. Over a median follow-up period of 10.6 years, 4,314 total deaths were documented. Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010, Alternate Mediterranean Diet (AMED), healthful Plant-based Diet Index (hPDI), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, and Diabetes Risk Reduction Diet (DRRD) were associated with lower all-cause mortality and longer life expectancy, with DRRD showing slightly stronger associations than hPDI.

Compared with the bottom quintile, achieving the top quintile of dietary scores was associated with 1.9 to 3.0 years of life gained at 45 years in men and 1.5 to 2.3 years in women. The life gained was longest in DRRD for males and AMED for females. The significant associations remained when accounting for genetic susceptibility. Our findings underscore the advantages of healthy dietary patterns in prolonging life expectancy, regardless of longevity genes.

Link: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ads7559

Researchers have in past years established that some degree of transmission of environmental information takes place from generation to generation. The epigenetic response to environmental factors such as abundance of food is partially passed on to offspring to result in changes in the operation of offspring metabolism. Epigenetic and metabolic reactions to abundance of food affect pace of aging and life span, and these outcomes are also changed in offspring, even when the offspring live in a different environment with different abundance of food.

Data in mice, nonhuman primates, and in humans demonstrate that exposure to maternal obesity increases the risk of multiple diseases in offspring. However, little is known about the aging effects of maternal obesity on the offspring. This study shows that maternal obesity significantly reduced the lifespan of both male and female mice born to obese dams despite being weaned onto a healthy diet at three weeks of age.

This reduction in longevity was linked to an increase in age-related fibrotic pathology across multiple organs, e.g., liver, heart, and kidney. Gompertz analysis of the lifespan data showed that maternal obesity offspring have reduced lifespan due to detrimental changes established early during development rather than factors that modify aging later-in-life. These findings are translationally significant as they demonstrate that the growing prevalence of maternal obesity may lead to a decrease in overall lifespan and increase in age-related diseases in the next generation.

Link: https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.02.04.703858