Identification of a Potential Cause in Variability of Heart Regeneration
There is a fair degree of variation in the degree to which various mammalian lineages can recover from injury to heart tissue, but even greater differences in proficient regenerators such as zebrafish and salamanders. The heart is not a very regenerative organ in mammals, while zebrafish can regrow even sizable losses of heart tissue. Researchers here investigate a potential cause of these differences, with an eye to enhancing regenerative capacity in heart tissue via some form of therapy to adjust the underlying biochemistry that regulates regeneration.
In a recent study, researchers focused on a regenerative type of heart muscle cell called a mononuclear diploid cardiomyocyte (MNDCM). Zebrafish and newborn mammals, including mice and humans, have large numbers of MNDCMs and a relatively robust ability to regenerate heart muscle. However, adult mammals have few MNDCMs and a correspondingly limited capacity for regeneration after an injury such as a heart attack. Even so, the situation for adult mammals is not uniformly dire: the researchers observed a surprising amount of variation in the number of MNDCMs among different strains of adult mice. In some strains, MNDCMs accounted for only 1.9 percent of heart muscle cells. In others, a full 10 percent were MNDCMs. As expected, the higher the percentage of MNDCMs, the better the mice fared in regenerating their heart muscle after injury.
"This was an exciting finding. It suggests that not all individuals are destined to permanent heart muscle loss after a heart attack, but rather some can naturally recover both heart muscle mass and function. If we can identify the genes that make some individuals better at it than others, then perhaps we can stimulate regeneration across the board." Using an approach called a genome-wide association study, the researchers indeed identified one of the key genes underlying this variation: Tnni3k. By blocking this gene in mice, the researchers produced higher percentages of MNDCMs and enhanced heart regeneration. In contrast, activating this gene in zebrafish decreased MNDCMs and impaired heart regeneration. "The activity of this gene, Tnni3k, can be modulated by small molecules, which could be developed into prescription drugs in the future. These small molecules could change the composition of the heart over time to contain more of these regenerative cells. This could improve the potential for regeneration in adult hearts, as a preventative strategy for those who may be at risk for heart failure."
Link: https://stemcell.usc.edu/2017/08/07/usc-stem-cell-discovery-refreshes-the-heart/