UV Radiation and Cross-Linking Contribute to Elastosis in Aged Skin

The elasticity of skin emerges from the structural properties of the extracellular matrix maintained by skin cells, the fine details of the structure of elastin and collagen that become disrupted with age. Two of the more important contributions to skin aging are, separately, exposure to UV radiation and the formation of persistent cross-links. Cross-links emerge from advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), sugary metabolic waste that can persistently link molecules in the extracellular matrix, changing the properties of tissue.

Removing persistent cross-links is a tractable challenge, given suitable enzymes, though too few groups are at present working towards this important goal. A more challenging prospect is restoration of elastin, ensuring that the structure of the aged extracellular matrix is returned to a more youthful configuration. This is likely to require sophisticated control of skin cell behavior, to replicate the initial creation of elastin structures that takes place during the developmental period of life.

Skin aging is the result of superimposed intrinsic (individual) and extrinsic (e.g., UV exposure or nutrition) aging. Previous works have reported a relationship between UV irradiation and glycation in the aging process, leading, for example, to modified radical species production and the appearance of AGEs (advanced glycosylation end products) in increasing quantities, particularly glycoxidation products like pentosidine. In addition, the colocalization of AGEs and elastosis has also been observed.

We first investigated the combination of the glycation reaction and UVA effects on a reconstructed skin model to explain their cumulative biological effect. We found that UVA exposure combined with glycation had the ability to intensify the response for specific markers: for example, MMP1 or MMP3 mRNA, proteases involved in extracellular matrix degradation, or proinflammatory cytokine, IL1α, protein expression. Moreover, the association of glycation and UVA irradiation is believed to promote an environment that favors the onset of an elastotic-like phenomenon: mRNA coding for elastin, elastase, and tropoelastin expression is increased.

Secondly, because the damaging effects of UV radiation in vivo might be more detrimental in aged skin than in young skin due to increased accumulation of pentosidine and the exacerbation of alterations related to chronological aging, we studied the biological effect of soluble pentosidine in fibroblasts grown in monolayers. We found that pentosidine induced upregulation of CXCL2, IL8, and MMP12 mRNA expression (inflammatory and elastotic markers, respectively). Tropoelastin protein expression (elastin precursor) was also increased.

In conclusion, fibroblasts in monolayers cultured with soluble pentosidine and tridimensional in vitro skin constructs exposed to the combination of AGEs and UVA promote an inflammatory state and an alteration of the dermal compartment in relation to an elastosis-like environment.

Link: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6647773

Comments

It seems that anti-aging tech will need to unlock the mysteries of what happens during embryogenesis. Hopefully, because of the Rube Goldberg nature of the body there is some events which can be simply replayed to restore cells.

Posted by: Matt at January 14th, 2022 10:09 AM
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